Journal articles: 'Gums. Mouth' – Grafiati (2024)

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In the scaling action will leave feeling pain, swollen gums, bright red color, sensitive and bleed easily. Usually the patient will be given an antiseptic that back healthy gums, such as povidone iodine 1%. Studies in the Faculty of Dentistry Indonesian some shows many medicinal plants native to Indonesia are efficacious for the teeth and mouth. Among them are betel efficacious anti-inflammatory antibacterial, antiseptic, and stop bleeding. This study aims to determine the effect of betel water gargle and mouthwash povidone iodine 1% of the gingival status in patients with post-scaling. To determine the effect of water gargle betel povidone iodine and 1% of the gingival status in patients with post-scaling. The research is a Quasi Experiment with One Group Pretest Posttest design. Samples taken were 30 people, divided into 2 groups of samples based on certain criteria (purposive sampling). Data analysis using t test. The result was no difference (segment unhealthy) before and after rinse your mouth with water betel and no difference (segment unhealthy) before and after rinse your mouth with povidone iodine 1%. No significant differences (segment unhealthy) after rinse your mouth with water after the betel or rinse your mouth with povidone iodine 1%.

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Introduction: In this 3-year longitudinal study, parent/child attended 3 dental visits and in between, parents were called every 4 months and asked if their child had visited the dentist and if fluoride varnish had been applied. Methods: Objectives were to assess changes in parents’ perceptions of how well they do in taking care of their children’s teeth and/or gums across these 3 time points (at age 1, 2.5, and 4 years), assess differences in parents’ perceptions of how well they do taking care of their children’s teeth and/or gums versus taking care of their children’s medical health, and determine factors associated with parental perceptions of how well they do in taking care of the children’s teeth and/or gums longitudinally. Results: Participant pairs (1325) were enrolled and over time there was a significant improvement in parental perceptions of their job taking care of their children’s teeth and/or gums, increasing from 86% perceiving it to be excellent/very good/good at their child’s 1 year of age to 92% at child’s age 4 years. The estimated odds of parents perceiving they provided excellent/very good/good versus fair/poor care for the children’s teeth and/or gums were higher for those who cleaned and checked inside the children’s mouth and/or gums daily (odds ratio 4.74) or took their children to the dentist yearly or twice yearly (odds ratio; 2.73). Conclusions: Parents’ perceptions of the care of their children’s teeth and/or gums improved over time. Parents consistently perceived that they provided better medical care than dental care for their child.

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Mouth spacer is designed to keep the mouth open wide enough for the dentist during dental procedures. Designing and developing a mouth spacer that able to open mouth wide enough and limit the tongue movement is the main objectives for this paper. The new mouth spacer design is expected to reduce gums and jaws pain. This paper incorporates problem identification, idea generation and conceptualization stage in order to generate two design concepts for new mouth spacer designed. The mouth spacer conceptual design with dual function that complied with these project objectives was selected. This design was modeled by using of CATIA software and the suggested material is polyvinylacetate polyethylene (EVA) copolymer and application of silicone sponge gel on the side for patient comfort and satisfaction. The mock up design was prepared using RP machine to visualize the conceptual design. Above all, this paper gives detailed description function of the mouth spacer that may improve the dental surgery application towards a better procedure.

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Subject. A review of the literature devoted to the current problem of dentistry - mucogingival anomalies (small vestibule of the mouth, short frenulum of the lips, tongue, muco-alveolar cords) is presented. Purpose of the study — study the materials of publications devoted to mucogingival anomalies as etiopathogenetic factors in the development of gingival recession. Methodology. In detail, in the light of modern ideas described mucogingival anomalies (shallow vestibule of the mouth, short frenulum of the lips, tongue, mucous-alveolar cords) and their effect on the development of gum recession. Results. It has been established that a large role in the occurrence and development of gingival recession is played by the ratio of the size of the attached and free gums, which is normally equal to 5: 1, and in pathology — 1: 1. The pathogenetic mechanism of the negative impact of mucogingival abnormalities is associated with the absence, first of all, of a sufficient width of the attached gums with a shallow vestibule of the mouth, which is a factor of constant chronic trauma to the gums with, leading to disturbances in microcirculation and tissue metabolism, resulting in resorption of bone structures, etermined radiographically. In the mechanism of gum recession, a significant role is also played by the pulling mucous-alveolar cords, shortened and massive frenum of the lips and tongue. The main signs of arising ischemic disorders are anemization and mobility of the marginal gums when the lower or upper lip, cheeks, and tongue are abducted. To prevent severe destructive lesions, it is necessary to timely identify and eliminate, with the help of vestibulo- or frenuloplasty operations, conditions conducive to functional chronic traumatization of the periodontal tissues. Conclusions. The results of the review indicate that knowledge of the anatomical and topographic parameters of the vestibule and oral mucosa is necessary to prevent the development of gingival recession, prescribe timely and adequate treatment, predict and prevent complications. However, it should be recognized that this problem, in our opinion, continues to remain relevant to this day due to the lack of an integrated approach to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gum recession.

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Introduction: Parents have an important role ensuring their infants receive oral and medical health care. Their decisions affect the well-being of their children. Methods: This study used data collected from a longitudinal, prospective study with the aim of developing and validating a caries risk assessment tool. The objectives of this study are to ( a) compare parents’ perceptions of how well they do in taking care of the infants’ teeth and/or gums versus how well they do in taking care of the infants’ medical health and ( b) determine factors associated with parental perceptions of how well they do in taking care of the infants’ teeth and/or gums. Results: A total of 1323 parent/infant pairs were enrolled in the study at Duke University, Indiana University, and the University of Iowa. Through a survey, 283 (21%) of the parents perceived they did an excellent job of both taking care of both the infant’s oral and medical health, while 861 (65%) perceived the care of their infant’s medical health was better than their care of the teeth and/or gums. In the multivariable model, parents who perceived they provided excellent/very good/good care for the infants’ teeth and/or gums were more likely to brush the infant’s teeth daily, use toothpaste daily, clean inside the infant’s mouth and/or gums daily, and not let the infant have something other than water after brushing and prior to bedtime. Also, those with infants having Medicaid or State Insurance, parents not eating sugary snacks frequently, and parents getting dental checkups at least annually were likely to perceive that they provided excellent/very good/good care for their infant’s teeth and/or gums. Conclusions: Parents who provide good infant oral health care are more likely to perceive they provide good care and more likely to have better personal dental health behaviors. This agrees with previous studies concerning older children.

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A 33-year-old female patient presented at a private specialist practice (Periodontics and Oral Medicine) with a main complaint of sore and bleeding gums, fever, headaches and sinus pain. The gingiva became irritated, red and swollen five weeks prior to the first consultation in July 2018. She was referred by her dentist one month after prescribing two consecutive courses of antibiotics and providing oral hygiene instructions to the patient, with no significant improvement. The first prescription was for Augmentin 375mg t.d.s. for 5 days and the second prescription two weeks later was for Amoxycillin 250 mg t.d.s. and Metronidazole 200mg t.d.s. for 5 days. The patient was also using a chlorhexidine mouth rinse.

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This article reflects clinical studies on the cause of xerostomy in children with systemic connective tissue disease (CTS). For more than 20 years, we have provided comprehensive dental care to children with CTS and have found that the presence of xerostomy and destructive changes in the parotid salivary glands in children with CTS, are characteristic of the manifestation of Shegren syndrome and contributed to: development of multiple tooth decay in the cervical area, the presence of abundant plaque on the teeth, inflammatory diseases of the gums and mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, the joining of secondary infection.

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Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the dental students’perception about condition of their gums and teeth and prevalence of dental caries. StudyDesign: Descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: Liaquat University of Medical and HealthSciences. Period: July 2011 to December 2011. Material and Method: The sample size was200 students comprising of both male and female. Clinical Oral examination was performedwith the help of mouth mirror and explorer in dental chair. The perception of dental studentsabout condition of their gums and teeth was obtained through questionnaire. Results: Theresults revealed that 25 % of students in present study had dental decay. The mean DMFT scorewas 0.625. Moreover, the mean DMFT score for male and female students was 0.658 and 0.576respectively. The results about distribution of DMFT components indicated that the decayed(D) teeth were in greatest number followed by filled (F) and missed (M) teeth. Conclusion:There was statistically no significant association between dental caries and gender. Moreover,prevalence of dental caries was significantly different between those who perceived their gumsand teeth condition excellent and good compared to the students who perceived their gumsand teeth condition as poor.

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Several studies have reported positive associations between oral infections and systemic diseases. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of oral symptoms on mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and pneumonia. Using data from a cohort study in Japan, we analyzed 4,139 individuals aged 40–79 years. The baseline questionnaire included the following items related to oral symptoms: ‘sensitive teeth’, ‘difficulty in chewing tough food substances’, ‘bleeding gums’, and ‘mouth feels sticky’. We used the Cox proportional hazard model to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for mortality, after adjustments for lifestyle, socio-economic factors, and history of diseases. Persons complaining that their ‘mouth feels sticky’ had a two-fold higher risk of pneumonia (HR = 2.1; 95%CI, 1.2–3.6), while those complaining of ‘sensitive teeth’ had a lower risk of CVD (HR = 0.4; 95%CI, 0.2–0.9). Some oral symptoms may be predictors of mortality from pneumonia and CVD.

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Purpose. The purpose of this case report is to present a rare case of amlodipine-induced gingival overgrowth with a secondary formation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis involving the upper and lower arches of a 68-year-old female patient with a chief complaint of “swollen gums and pain on mastication which has been recurring for the past 5 years.” Materials and Methods. The treatment plan of this case was divided according to quadrants of the mouth. Each week, one quadrant was surgically excised, and the remaining quadrants were observed for any changes. The gingival overgrowths were excised using a 15 blade, and debris/plaque was removed with Gracey curettes. Results. Although full-mouth exodontia was performed, the patient unfortunately suffered with recurrences in GO. These results are suggestive of idiopathic causes of GO. Conclusion. Careful examination, physician referrals, and biopsy to rule out any specific anomalies and to assist in proper diagnosis are followed by sequential management of the case results in productive outcomes.

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Background: Herbal extracts have been employed since ages in dentistry as tooth cleansing and antimicrobial agents. The use of herbal medicines continues to expand and trend rapidly across the world. Herbal extracts have been used in dentistry for multiple uses as reducing inflammation, as antimicrobial plaque agents, for preventing release of histamine and as antiseptics, antioxidants, antimicrobials and analgesics. They also aid in healing process and are very effective in controlling microbial plaque and other disorders related to gums. Objective: The present review aims towards the combined review as well as compilation of available herbs under the category of various dental associated problems. Materials and Methods: The herbs were studied by sectioning them as for looking after different works or findings done against dental caries, tooth ache, scouring teeth, gum troubles and herbs as mouth fresheners. Results: Herbal extracts have been used on a large scale in dentistry as tooth cleansing and antimicrobial plaque agents. Many people take herbal derived medicines or herbal based products for the purpose of reducing inflammation, as antimicrobial agents, for preventing release of histamine and as antiseptics, antioxidants, antifungals, antibacterials, antivirals and analgesics. Herbal extracts are used in dentistry for treatment of various dental disorders. Conclusion: The use of herbal medicines are blooming rapidly across the world. Herbal extracts and the various herbs on the whole or their specific parts have been used in dentistry. They relieve the problems of gums and act as excellent mouth fresheners. The natural herbal remedies act as an effective substitute to antibiotics and represent a promising approach for prevention and as therapeutic strategies for various oral infections as they are natural, eradicate the problem from its root and provide long lasting relief. The herbal remedies are advantageous over conventional treatment.

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Introduction: Mouthrinses have been in use for centuries as breath fresheners, medicaments, and antiseptics. Dill is said to be a good source of calcium, manganese and iron. It contains flavonoids known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Dill can help with microbial infections in the mouth; and its anti-oxidants minimize damage caused by free radicals to the gums and teeth. Being a good source of calcium, dill also helps with bone and dental health. Aims and Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of commercially available 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse and dill seed oil mouthrinse on plaque levels and gingivitis. Material and Methods: A randomized controlled, double blind parallel arm study was conducted over 90 days on 90 subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups and baseline data was collected using Loe and Silness gingival index and Quigley Hein plaque index and oral prophylaxis was performed on all the subjects. The mouthrinses included in the present study were dill seed oil and Hexodent (0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate). Intervention regarding the mouthrinsing was given to the subjects and were followed up for 45 days and 90 days, after this post intervention changes were assessed using the respective indices. Results: It was observed that there is no significant difference in gingival & plaque scores among two mouthrinses from baseline to 45 days and 90 days. It was observed that there is statistical difference in gingival and plaque scores when compared with baseline to 45 days (p<0.001), baseline to 90 days (p<0.001) and 45 days to 90 days (p<0.001) when intergroup comparisons were done. Conclusion: It was concluded that dill seed oil and Hexodent (0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate) mouthrinse have similar antiplaque and antigingival effectiveness.

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<p>Assessment of dynamics of changes of the complex impacts on periodontal tisues of the patients with chronic gingivitis of medical and preventive tooth-paste «Asepta» showed the expressed cleaning action (speed of formation dental plaqe at all patients went down and was 77%), reduction inflammation gums (reduction indexes PMA and PBI) - in two weeks dynamics of change of PBI made the 73%. Salivation increase is revealed, the expressed deodorizing effect, and favorable impact on the mineralizing potential of oral liquid after regular application of tooth-paste «Asepta» of the patients with chronic gingivitis.</p>

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Aim: Clinical evaluation of antibacterial and antimicrobial properties for herbal extracts plants as (rue) to have been investigated in order to suggest them as potential mouth rinse to overcome the microbial effect in the mouth of patients. Materials and Methods: Assessing the opposite effect of the extract of this plant (rue) on gingivitis. Using precise dilution in distilled water only without the addition of any other material of this extract a certain concentration of 20%. I've been watching influence through the state of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth clinical examination before and after use of this extract for a period of 10 days for a group of patients totaling 32 patients (25 females and 7 males), age (10-80 years). A swabs were taken of the bacteria from the mouth of the patients were cultured before treatment to observe bacterial growth and swab after the treatment to note the death of bacteria.Results: The clinical use of direct observation of signs and symptoms after the examination. Rue have a good function on inflammation of the gums and tissues surrounding the teeth after using the vegetable extract of rue material through actual viewing and examination of periodontal pockets. Also after taking swabs and cultured them.

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Oral hygiene is defined as the practice of keeping the mouth clean and healthy, by brushing and flossing to prevent the occurrence of any gum diseases like periodontitis or gingivitis. The main aim of oral health hygiene is to prevent the buildup of plaque, which is defined as a sticky film of bacteria and food formed on the teeth. The coastal guard is an official who is employed to watch the sea near a coast for ships that are in danger or involved with illegal activities. Coastal guards have high possibilities of being affected by mesothelioma or lung cancer due to asbestos exposure. So, a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was created and circulated among a hundred participants who were coastal guards, through Google forms. The responses were recorded and tabulated in the form of bar graphs. Out of a hundred participants, 52.4% were not aware of the fact that coastal guards have high chances of developing lung cancer and Mesothelioma. 53.7% were aware of the other oral manifestations of lung cancer other than bleeding gums. Majority of the coastal guards feel that they are given enough information about dental hygiene protocols. Hence, to conclude, oral hygiene habits have to be elaborated using various tools in the right manner to ensure better health of teeth and gums.

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Background: Temporo-mandibular disorders is a collective term used to describe problems involving muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of temporo-mandibular disorders and its association with parafunctional habits in patients visiting department of dentistry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 213 patients coming to Patan Academy of Health Sciences. A screening questionnaire recommended by American Association of Orofacial Pain was used to determine the signs and symptoms of temporo-mandibular disorders.Results: The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders was 31.9 %. The three most common parafunctional habits were chewing gums (32.4 %), mouth breathing (19.7 %) and biting of objects (14.6 %) respectively. Statistically significant association was found between nail biting, grinding of teeth, biting of lips and objects and mouth breathing with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (p<0.05). Among the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, getting headaches, neck pain or toothaches often was the most frequent signs of temporomandibular disorders (n=105, 49.3 %). Feeling of recent change in bite was the second most frequent sign reported by 82 participants (38.5 %).Conclusions: The parafunctional habits between nail biting, grinding of teeth, biting of lips and objects and mouth breathing have statistically significant association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. Keywords: AAOP; parafunctional habits; prevalence; TMDs.

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Abstract Introduction: Oral health is important both for the well-being and successful elite sporting performance. Athletes are at a greater risk of having dental caries, dental erosion and traumatic dental injuries. So this study was taken up to focus on this issue. Objectives: i) To assess the prevalence and severity of dental erosion, dental trauma, oral mucosal lesions, dental caries and periodontal status among athletes, using WHO oral health assessment form 2013. ii) To plan appropriate oral diseases prevention and oral health promotion strategy for athletes. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among athletes in SMS STADIUM Jaipur. Clinical examination of the athletes was carried out with the help of WHO proforma 2013. Results: A total of 300 athletes were included with 217(72.3%) males and 83(27.66%) females in the age group of 10-35 years with a mean age of 22±5.04 years. Of the participants, 55.3% participants reported the use of energy drinks. 50% reported using chewing gums (sweetened) and 20.6% reported the use of mouth guard during their activities. Around 70% of the athletes were having DMFT, out of them 68.66% had decayed teeth and only 12.66% had filled teeth. 9.3% of the athletes had enamel erosion. 8.33% & 8.66% of athletes were having treated injury and enamel fracture, respectively. Conclusion: Athletes are more prone to dental caries because of less care towards oral hygiene and extensive use of sweetened chewing gums and energy drinks.

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Many studies have showed disadvantageous effect of ethanol exposure on stem cells. Ethanol exposure during development leads injury to various types of stem cells including neural stem cells (NSCs), dental pulp stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells and etc. Because NSCs play a basic role in the development and maturation of the central nervous system, it is vital to understand the effect of ethanol on NSCs differentiation. Additionally, alcohol misusage appears lead to periodontal disease, tooth decay and mouth wounds that are potentially precancerous. Individuals who abuse alcohol are at high risk of having seriously destroyed teeth, gums and compromised oral health in general. Some of these adverse situations maybe are because of ethanol effects on stem cells. Therefore, here, ethanol effects on the various types of stem cells were reviewed.

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Introduction: Lymphomatoid papulosis is a primary CD 30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferation. Observation: We report the case of a 39-year-old patient who presented with ulcers on the back of the tongue, gums, buccal mucosa, and soft palate, which evolved as spontaneously regressive flare-ups. The diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease was initially proposed. Several years later, the patient presented an ulcer on the left middle finger. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of lymphomatoid papulosis. Discussion: This chronic dermatosis manifests a single rash or multiple papulonodular rashes, evolving as spontaneously regressive flare-ups. Mucosal involvement is rare, and no prognostic factor for this location has been highlighted to this date. Pathological examination is essential. Conclusion: The mucosal involvement of lymphomatoid papulosis is one of the diagnoses to be considered for recurrent mouth ulcers.

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Background: Temporomandibular disorder is a term used to describe problems involving temporomandibular joint, muscles of mastication, occlusion characterized by symptoms such as pain, restricted movements and intermittent joint sound. The present study was conducted to determine prevalence of TMD and to describe its association with parafunctional habits. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 345 undergraduate students of KIST Medical College and Hospital. Study population was selected by simple random sampling and the Fonseca Anamnestic Questionnaires were distributed. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 16 . Results: The prevalence of TMD was 47.4% with mild and moderate type of TMD present. The most common habit was chewing gums followed by biting of lips and biting of objects. Statistically significant difference in TMD groups was observed in clenching and grinding of teeth, biting of lips and biting of objects (p<0.001). There was statistically significant association between TMD and the signs and symptoms such as headaches, difficult to open mouth, muscular pain while chewing (p<0.001). Conclusions: A statistically significant association was found between biting of lips, grinding of teeth and mouth breathing with TMD.Keywords: parafunctional habits; prevalence; TMD .

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Syngnathia is a rare anomaly involving fusion between the maxilla and mandible. The fusion may be due to soft tissue adhesion between the two or true bony fusion between maxilla and mandible. This condition ranges from only soft tissue fusion between gums known as synechia to bony union known as synostosis with different grades of fusion. It was first reported in 1936, with only 41 cases reported till 2009. In this case a 11 years old girl reported to the maxillofacial department of Dhaka Dental College Hospital, with the complaint of inability to open the mouth and as a diagnosed case of alveolar bone fusion of mandible with palatal alveolar bone in the left side & bone fusion of alveolar process of mandibular angle region with maxilla in the right side. She was also bone fusion of the coronoid process with zygoma in the right side. Immediate after birth she had a history of synechia (Bilateral) & it was correct by making stoma by maxillofacial surgeon. The patient was subjected to a surgical procedure, after successful operation she enabled to open her mouth up to 35 mm.Medicine Today 2014 Vol.26(2): 114-117

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The aim: Is to develop and test questionnaires allowing systematization of the main dental complaints and knowledge on hygienic oral care in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) given their individual characteristics. Materials and methods: The developed questionnaires and database have been tested on 36 patients with NAFLD and 10 patients of the control group. Results: As a result of the study, it appears that the main dental complaints in patients with NAFLD are dry mouth and the associated need for frequent mouth rinsing with water, bleeding gums, mainly during teeth brushing, distortion of taste and bad breath. It has been noted that only 33.3% of patients regularly brush their teeth every morning and evening, while 25.0% of respondents brush their teeth only once a day. It is also characteristic that more than 25.0% of patients with NAFLD use mainly carbohydrate foods in their diet, and the smoking rate among this group is at least 58.0%. Conclusions: The use of this questionnaire makes it necessary to take into account all the “bottlenecks” in selection of measures for dental disease prevention in NAFLD, which currently is of high relevance and necessity.

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Objective: To develop a novel colon targeted tablet formulation using natural polysaccharides such as kondagogu gum and ghatti gum as carriers and diltiazem hydrochloride as a model drug.Methods: The polymer-drug tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique, coated with two layers viz., inulin as an inner coat followed by shellac as outer coat and evaluated for properties such as average weight, hardness and coat thickness. In vitro release studies of prepared tablets were carried out for 2 h in pH 1.2 HCl buffer, 3 h in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and 6 h in simulated colonic fluid (SCF) in order to mimic the conditions from mouth to colon.Results: Percentage weight variation, percent friability and content of active ingredient for all the formulations were found to be well within United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) limits. Out of both the polymers, the tablets prepared with ghatti gum showed the maximum hardness of 7.1 kg/cm2. The FTIR spectra of pure diltiazem HCl and the formulation KF3 were found to be identical. From the DSC, it was evident that the melting point peak of diltiazem HCl and formulation KF3 were observed at 217.16 and 218.34 °C respectively. In vitro studies revealed that the tablets coated with shellac (2.5% w/w), prevented the drug release in stomach environment and inulin coated tablets (4% w/w) have limited the drug release in the small intestinal environment. The data obtained from in vitro drug release studies were fit into Peppas model and in all the cases the value of A was found to be more than 2, i.e., drug release by a combination of both diffusion and erosion-controlled drug release.Conclusion: The study revealed that polysaccharides as carriers and inulin and shellac as a coating material can be used effectively for colon targeting of drugs for treating local as well as systemic disorders.

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Aims: The aims of this study were to gain an understanding of pregnant women s oral hygiene practices and to assess the oral and dental health status. Materials and Methods: A semi - structured questionnaire was completed by 100 pregnant women of the gynecology department of Dr. Akhter Jahan Mirza Hospital, Dhaka. Results: The women in this study 40% were in 19-22 years age group. Forty eight percent (48%) women of the subjects were having up to high school level education & 28% had low income of Sixty Thousand to One Lac taka yearly. In relation to oral hygiene habit before pregnancy majority of the women (56%) stated that they brush their teeth once a day, 19% use dental floss and 14% use mouth rinse once a day. During pregnancy women seemed to be slightly more concerned about oral hygiene but not significantly. Only 66% brush their teeth and 17% floss their teeth and 18% use mouth rinse once a day during pregnancy. The major problem in their mouth noticed by the women during pregnancy was bleeding gums (58%). Conclusion: This study feels the necessity of giving special attention to pregnant women s oral health in Bangladesh. Women should be educated on good oral hygiene practices so as to minimize prevalence of poor maternal oral health during pregnancy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i2.20251 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research and Education Vol.4(2) 2014: 61-64

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Digital dental reconstruction can be a more efficient and effective mechanism for artificial crown construction and period inspection. However, optical methods cannot reconstruct those portions under gums, and X-ray-based methods have high radiation to limit their applied frequency. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can harmlessly penetrate gums using low-coherence infrared rays, and thus, this work designs an OCT-based framework for dental reconstruction using optical rectification, fast Fourier transform, volumetric boundary detection, and Poisson surface reconstruction to overcome noisy imaging. Additionally, in order to operate in a patient’s mouth, the caliber of the injector is small along with its short penetration depth and effective operation range, and thus, reconstruction requires multiple scans from various directions along with proper alignment. However, flat regions, such as the mesial side of front teeth, may not have enough features for alignment. As a result, we design a scanning order for different types of teeth starting from an area of abundant features for easier alignment while using gyros to track scanned postures for better initial orientations. It is important to provide immediate feedback for each scan, and thus, we accelerate the entire signal processing, boundary detection, and point-cloud alignment using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) while streamlining the data transfer and GPU computations. Finally, our framework can successfully reconstruct three isolated teeth and a side of one living tooth with comparable precisions against the state-of-art method. Moreover, a user study also verifies the effectiveness of our interactive feedback for efficient and fast clinic scanning.

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Chronic inflammation of the oral cavity accompanied by ulcers called Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis (CCUS). A Pomeranian dog was examined at the Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University with complaints of decreased appetite and drinking accompanied, in the dog that would not close his mouth. Clinical examination showed that there is bleeding and swelling of the gums and lips, torn sores and ulcer on the lower lip, redness on the edge of the tongue, blackish plaque in almost all of his teeth, halitosis, and enlargement of the mandibular lymph nodes, and routine hematological examination showed a normochromic and normocytic anemia, elevated monocyte levels, and neutrophilia, so dogs were diagnosed with CCUS. Treatment using Amoxicillin, Meloxicam, Vitamin C, Ferrous Sulfate, and fluid therapy using NaCl initially gave quite good results, but the dog died on the sixth day after therapy which possibly due to severe malnutrition and anemia.

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of all cloven footed domestic and wild animals. This work was planned to study the different markers for diagnosis of FMDV serotype Sat2 in adult buffaloes and calves including clinical, hematological and biochemical examinations. A total number of sixty animals were divided into four groups. The first group was apparently healthy adult buffaloes, while the second was naturally infected adult buffaloes, a third group was apparently healthy suckling calves and finally the fourth group was naturally infected suckling calves. The recorded clinical signs were fever, salivation, loss of appetite, depression, lameness, blisters or vesicles, erosions and ulcers in the mucosa of the mouth, tongue, lips, gums, pharynx, palate and between the claws. Anemia, leucopenia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia were recorded in infected adult buffaloes and calves. Myocardial injury proved by presence of degenerated myocardial fibers and lymphocyte cell infiltration with a significant increase in cardiac markers like cardiac torponin I, CPK and LDH in addition to a significant hyperkalemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesemia in buffaloe calves. Moreover, electrophoresis showed hyoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoglobulinemia in infected animals. It could be concluded that the elevation of cardiac markers emphasized that FMD is more severe in young calves than adult animals. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the prognosis of FMD infection in calves by these markers.

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The purpose of this work was to present chemical structure and basic characteristics of some active substances in medical plants which are used in stomatology. Considering their chemical content and pharmacological effects, all active substances of herbal origin are divided in four groups tannins, flavonoids, aetheric oils and the group of herbal species which show immunostimulating effect. Tannins are active substances of medical plants whose function are primarily based on precipitation of proteins and are used for disinfection of skin and oral mucose as well as for haemostatic purposes. Flavonoids are herbal pigments. They work as diuretics, and in dentistry they could be used as antiinflammatory agents. Essential oils are part of herbal species and are used as korigens of taste and smell. For their antiseptic and disinfective effects, essential oils are used in dentistry as preparations like toothpastes, mouth wash and chewing-gums. Immunostimulators of herbal origin are especially interesting in the decreasing immunity treatment for their slight toxic characteristics.

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Background: Many desensitizing toothpastes exist commercially; however, few clinical trials have investigated their anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect and patient appreciation of two toothpastes containing desensitizing agents: (1) a zinc-carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (CHA) and (2) a calcium sodium phosphosilicate bioactive glass (CSPS). Methods: CHA and CSPS were compared with an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial herbal based toothpaste (HB). The aims were accomplished by comparing the following outcomes: (1) the reduction in plaque and bleeding score (Full Mouth Plaque Score (FMPS) and Full Mouth Bleeding Score (FMBS), respectively); (2) the antibacterial activity (AbA) of the toothpaste by saliva samples; (3) the patient appreciation score (Visual Analogue Scale; VAS). Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and 14 days post-treatment. Results: The final sample consisted of 25 subjects, aged between 20 and 58 years. Although no differences in FMPS were reported (p > 0.05), both desensitizing toothpastes showed an improvement in FMBS. CSPS and HB recorded more AbA compared to CHA (p < 0.05). Moreover, HB resulted in a higher VAS score than both desensitizing toothpastes (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, only CSPS displayed a similar anti-inflammatory effect compared to HB. Despite the low VAS score, CSPS could be considered as a valid and effective toothpaste in subjects with both dentin hypersensitivity and inflamed gums, highlighting its utility in clinical practice.

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Background: Oral hygiene is an act of cleansing the entire area of the mouth, including teeth and gums to avoid infection. Purpose of hygiene to reduce dental plaque, reduce risk of oral cavity, eliminate tooth decay, gum, improve comfort in child.. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of oral hygiene using 30% pure honey to the number of candida albicans in hospitalized children. Method: This study was a quasy experiment pre and post test with control group design. The data were analyzed with paired t-test dan independent paired samples t-test. The population of this study was all hospitalized children. The sample size is determined by purposive sampling technique, with a sample size of 20 (10 children were intervention group, 10 children were control group). Result: Mean number of candida pre test of 38.90 CFU / ml and post test A total of 27.40 CFU / ml. The result of statistical test of separate parametric test in pairs of t-test p value of 0.001 (α = 0,05), so it can be concluded that there is oral hygiene effect using 30% pure honey to number of candida albicans child's mouth. Discussion: Hospitalized children were high risk population of nosocomial infection. There were many source of secondary infection such as infection by candida albicans. The recommendation of this research is that all children treated in hospital are done orally hygiene by using 30% pure honey

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Introduction: The aim of the study was to analyze the risk factors for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer in people examined under the Head and Neck Cancer Prophylaxis Program. Material and methods: The study was conducted in a total of 300 patients, including 186 women and 114 men, as part of the Head and Neck Cancer Prevention Program in 2014–2018. Before the laryngological examination, the patients completed a demographic and medical questionnaire regarding the risk factors of head and neck cancer, including education, reported disease symptoms, smoking addiction, number of cigarettes smoked daily, alcohol consumption, frequency of visits in a dental office, oral hygiene measures, number of sexual partners, oral sex, family medical history of head and neck cancer. Results: The subjects reported the following symptoms: hoarseness 43.33%, difficulty swallowing 21.33%, pain or mouth burning 20.33% and other symptoms were observed in 46.33%. The main dental symptoms were: bleeding from the gums during teeth brushing in 48.89%, dry mouth 45.56%. Currently 20.33% of respondents smoke, whereas 54% of patients smoked in the past. In the analyzed material, the majority (80%) consumed alcoholic beverages. 27.67% of respondents admitted having oral sex, including 24.73% of women and 32.46% of men. After performing the extended diagnostics, the tumor was found in 10% of the subjects. C onclusions: Statistical significance of differences was found: between hoarseness and alcohol consumption, both in women and in men, between hoarseness and smoking in women, between difficulty in swallowing and smoking in women, between burning/pain in the mouth and smoking in men, between hoarseness and the cultivation of oral sex in men, between the difficulty of swallowing and the practice of oral sex in the studied men and between burning/pain in the oral cavity and the occurrence of malignancy.

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<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Maintaining of oral hygiene has been known as one of the basic tasks of nurses working at intensive care unit. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chlorhexidine solution with toothbrush in prevention of oral lesions or ulcers in the different parts of the mouth.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> In this clinical trial study, research Society included patients hospitalized with endotracheal tube since the arrival time in intensive care unit. In this study, 30 patients were selected with target-based approach and equally divided into two groups through the permutation blocking method for oral care toothbrush and toothpaste and using chlorhexidine and swab. The modified form of Beck Oral Assessment Scale (BOAS) and MPS were used to obtain needed information. Data were analyzed by means of R software (version 3.0.2) and also multiple logistic regressions in the confidence level of 95%.</p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>This study indicated an association between using toothbrush and the oral health level (OR: 1.52). In different parts of the mouth, there was no difference between two groups in prevention of lesions in gums, lips and tongue while, this was significant in relation to plaque, mucus and teeth with an odd ratio of 3.94 for teeth and 2.75 for mucus . In comparison, there was an association between implying chlorhexidine and saliva health level. (OR: 2.046).<strong></strong></p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> This survey showed that using toothbrush has a noticeable impact on declining oral lesions in varied parts of the mouth.<strong></strong></p>

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ABSTRACT Aim The level of mutans streptococci (MS) is reduced by regularly consumption of probiotic Kefir drink. The present study aiming at answer to this question ‘may the Kefir drink be considered an alternative to fluoride rinse?’ Materials and Methods Twenty-two healthy volunteers aged 22-32 years with good oral hygiene participated in this study. None of participants had received any antibiotic or antimicrobial agent or professional fluoride therapy within the last month. None of them exhibited active caries lesions. Smokers and subjects who have chewing gums xylitol habit or who were undergoing orthodontic treatment were excluded. In a cross over design with 2 parallel groups, people in group A for 2 weeks received 100 ml of Kefir drink per day, then avoided brushing, eating and drinking for an hour. Simultaneously, people in group B were administered 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse in the same manner. After washout period, people in groups A and B respectively used 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse and Kefir drink. Saliva sampling was performed before and after interventions. The acidity and the count of MS were assessed and data were analyzed statistically. Result There was no significant difference between base line pH values of saliva in study groups (p > 0.05). Although, a significant difference was shown between MS counts before and after interventions (p . 0.0001 and p . 0.0001 for NaF and Kefir respectively), but the equal inhibitory effect was found between study groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Kefir drink can inhibit salivary MS as well the sodium fluoride rinse. This beverage may be considered an alternative for fluoride rinse. Clinical significance Probiotics containing dairy products was known with anticariogenic properties. These agents may be used in caries control strategies adjunctively. How to cite this article Ghasempour M, Sefidgar SAA, Moghadamnia AA, Ghadimi R, Gharekhani S, Shirkhani L. Comparative Study of Kefir Yogurt-Drink and Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinse on Salivary Mutans Streptococci. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(2):214-217.

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Introduction: Hospitalized children can present some complications if they do not present a correct oral care during hospitalization. Objective: This study aimed to perform an oral evaluation of children and adolescents hospitalized in an intensive care unit of a children’s hospital at southern Brazil. Material and methods: 49 subjects were examined, aged from 0 to 17 years old, using themodified Oral Assessment Guide (OAGm). The lips, corner of the mouth, gums, oral mucosa, saliva, tongue, and teeth were examined. Each category was classified in a numeric scale from 1 to 3, where 1 means the better condition and 3 the worse. Results: The results showed alterations in the lips, tongue, oral biofilm, and saliva in most of the subjects. The OAGm value indicated a worse oral condition in older children. The OAGm values for children with teeth were higher than that for edentulous children, this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that children hospitalized in an intensive care unit show deficiency in oral health when assessed through OAGm.

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Abstract The study aimed to evaluate behaviours relevant to oral health and the condition of the teeth and gums in women with eating disorders. A survey study covered a group of 30 patients aged 14-36 years suffering from diagnosed eating disorders and treated in closed psychiatric wards. The control group included 30 healthy women at the mean age corresponding to that of the patient group. The questions concerning oral health-relevant behaviours referred to the frequency of tooth brushing and the kind of toothbrush used, the frequency of dental visits, fear of dental visits, and self-evaluation of the selected items of oral health status. The survey results were analysed statistically. Behaviours relevant to oral health in women with eating disorders include increased oral hygiene and the attitude to dental visits that does not diverge from the customary one. The patients found the presence of enamel damage to be as frequent as in the healthy subjects. Eating disorders are, however, conducive to more frequent gum disorders and the feeling of dryness in the mouth.

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Abstract TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA IS a well known clinical entity characterized by agonizing, paroxysmal, and lancinating facial pain, often triggered by movements of the mouth or eating. Historical reviews of facial pain have attempted to describe this severe pain over the past 2.5 millennia. The ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates, Aretaeus, and Galen, described kephalalgias, but their accounts were vague and did not clearly correspond with what we now term trigeminal neuralgia. The first adequate description of trigeminal neuralgia was given in 1671, followed by a fuller description by physician John Locke in 1677. André described the convulsive-like condition in 1756, and named it tic douloureux; in 1773, Fothergill described it as “a painful affection of the face;” and in 1779, John Hunter more clearly characterized the entity as a form of “nervous disorder” with reference to pain of the teeth, gums, or tongue where the disease “does not reside.” One hundred fifty years later, the neurological surgeon Walter Dandy equated neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve with trigeminal neuralgia.

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Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune disease, one of the most prevalent in the mouth, which mainly affects women, leukoderma, between the third and sixth decades of life. Of unknown etiology, it may present with bilateral/symmetrical lesions, occurring throughout the mouth. The clinical characteristics range from white keratotic lesions to painful erosions and ulcerations, with reticular, atrophic, papular, erosive, bullous, and erythematous forms, depending on the time of evolution and location. Oxygen-releasing products are gaining ground in the dental market with the promise of aid in wound healing. The purpose of this case report was to associate these products in the treatment of a patient with OLP. The leukoderma female patient, 56 years old, sought dental care with a complaint of bleeding gums for years. On clinical examination, spontaneous gingival bleeding was observed in the anterior teeth region, excellent plaque control, and erythematous lesions in the cheek mucosa and anterior gingiva. Basic periodontal treatment and mouthwash with Blue®m was proposed for 2 weeks. In the reassessment, improvement was reported for 2 weeks and return to the bleeding condition. At this moment, an incisional biopsy was performed, and fragments were sent for laboratorial analysis, which found structures characteristic of OLP. The patient was instructed to maintain the standard of oral hygiene, to keep the mouthwash twice a day, associated with Blue®m oral gel over the lesions. After one-year follow-up, the patient continues to have no lesion return, no side effects, with significant improvement in quality of life.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe sociodemographic variables and verify changes in white blood cells of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).METHODS: Cross-sectional retrospective study that used secondary data of patients with OSCC, attended at the Oral Medicine Service of the School of Dentistry of ULBRA, between 2010 and 2014.RESULTS: 87.3% of the population were male, white (71%), age superior to 60 years (38.7%), urban worker (61.3%), without changing in the overall health at query time (67.7%) and residents of the municipality of Canoas/RS (93.6%). The most prevalent injuries sites were the buccal floor, alveolar ridge, corners of the mouth and gums (61.3%). 74.2% of the sample were smokers and 45.2% drinkers. As for the WBC, most patients presented values within the normal range: total leukocytes (77.4%), lymphocytes (87.1%) and neutrophils (96.8%). CONCLUSION: The profile of the sample was consistent with literature: white males over the age of 40 years, smokers/former-smokers and alcoholics/ex-alcoholics. The patients did not show changes in the white blood cells (leukogram) values. It is recommended that more research should be conducted in this area of knowledge, due to the importance of the subject.

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Gingivitis is a preventable disease characterised by inflammation of the gums due to the buildup of a microbial biofilm at the gingival margin. It is implicated as a precursor to periodontitis, a much more serious problem which includes associated bone loss. Unfortunately, due to poor oral hygiene among the general population, gingivitis is prevalent and results in high treatment costs. Consequently, the option of treating gingivitis using functional foods, which promote oral health, is an attractive one. Medicinal mushrooms, including shiitake, have long been known for their immune system boosting as well as antimicrobial effects; however, they have not been employed in the treatment of oral disease. In the current study, the effectiveness of shiitake mushroom extract was compared to that of the active component in the leading gingivitis mouthwash, containing chlorhexidine, in an artificial mouth model (constant depth film fermenter). The total bacterial numbers as well as numbers of eight key taxa in the oral community were investigated over time using multiplex qPCR. The results indicated that shiitake mushroom extract lowered the numbers of some pathogenic taxa without affecting the taxa associated with health, unlike chlorhexidine which has a limited effect on all taxa.

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Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a microcytic anemia caused by chronic blood loss dueto such problems as excessive menstrual flow, gastrointestinal bleeding, gasterektomi or malabsorption that reduces the absorption of Fe. Predisposing factors that lead to the disruption of the ecology of oral candidiasis or oral microbiological changes can be due to malnutrition (iron deficiency, folic acid, vitamin B12) and the very old age. Objective: To report a case of iron deficiency anemia with oral candidiasis and its management. Case Report: A 69-year man in the reference by peer demonstrated swollen gums, mouth pain and difficulty in swallowing. A moth ago he was hospitalized and boarded for a week but no change, his body weight loss was 25kg. paleconjunctiva and face, droliing, looked weak. The body temperature was 370 C; the BP measurement was: 125/80mmHg; with body weight was 50kg; right and left submandibular lymph nodes become enlarging and soreness palpatiom. Symmetrical face. Right and left lip corners are angular kheilitis, cheek mucosa, palate hyperemia, gingival stipling was disappeared, hyperemia, dorsal surface smooth tongue, hyperemia, depapilasi, OHI: bad; thick saliva, hypersalivation. A lot of dental caries and the remaining roots. Management: Examination of the saliva with KOH solution looked a hyphe. Routine blood tests and profile of fe all within normal limits except RBC was 3,37.106 / uL; HGB: 11.0 g / dl; HCT: 32.2%, Fe 29.00 u g / dl (below normal). Treatment with 3% perhidrol mouthwash, Nyistatin solution 3 x daily. Zegase tablet 2x daily. Paracetamol tablets if necessary. Conclusion sixteen days later the patient recovered.

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A wide range of artificial and synthetic products have been replaced by the natural products for daily use. The natural products are believed to have more advantages and less adverse effects. The plant products such as stem, flower, fruit, seed, leaves, etc have been experimented. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a perennial shrub which is a native of South America. During World War II, England used it as a sweetener as sugar was not available. By 1970, it was used as a sweetener in Japan. In 1994, US approved steviol glycosides as functional ingredient in dietary supplements. It is non-caloric sweetener which is 200-300 times sweeter than table sugar. Its use as a sweetener was approved by FDA in 2011. There is growing evidence supporting the use of stevia in diabetes, hypertension, weight loss, etc. Dental caries is an infectious microbiologic disease of the tooth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of calcified tissues. There has been an increased interest on antimicrobial and anti-plaque activity of stevia mouth rinse and chewing gums. Researches on the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of stevia have also been conducted to evaluate its potential advantages in the dental field. This review describes in detail the health benefits and application of stevia in dentistry. Keywords: Stevia, Dental, Medical

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Hospitalized children can present some complications if they do not present a correct oral care during hospitalization. Objective: This study aimed to perform an oral evaluation of children and adolescents hospitalized in an intensive care unit of a children’s hospital at southern Brazil. Material and methods: 49 subjects were examined, aged from 0 to 17 years old, using the modified Oral Assessment Guide (OAGm). The lips, corner of the mouth, gums, oral mucosa, saliva, tongue, and teeth were examined. Each category was classified in a numeric scale from 1 to 3, where 1 means the better condition and 3 the worse. Results: The results showed alterations in the lips, tongue, oral biofilm, and saliva in most of the subjects. The OAGm value indicated a worse oral condition in older children. The OAGm values for children with teeth were higher than that for edentulous children, this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that children hospitalized in an intensive care unit show deficiency in oral health when assessed through OAGm.> p<0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that children hospitalized in an intensive care unit show deficiency in oral health when assessed through OAGm.

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Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of oral hygiene practices and halitosis among undergraduate students from King Saud University, College of Dentistry. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among all 481 students; 263 male and 218 female students. A questionnaire was developed to assess the self-reported perception of oral breath, awareness of bad breath, timing of bad breath, treatment received for bad breath, oral hygiene practices, caries and bleeding gums, dryness of the mouth, smoking and tea drinking habits, and tongue coating. The response rate was 77%. Forty four percent of male and 32% of female students reported the self-perception of breath odor. Self-treatment was sought by 12% male and 22% female. Six percent of males and 4% of females experienced bad breath interference at their work. Seventy-eight percent of male and 62% of female students experienced bad breath after waking up. Brushing was prevalent among 81% of male and 99% of female students. Both miswak (chewing sticks) and tooth brushing were used by 53% male and 83% female students. Fifty seven percent of male students and 44% of female students reported caries. Bleeding gingiva was experienced by 26% of males and 14% of females. Dry mouth was common among 14% of males and 17% of females, while smoking was prevalent among 13% of males and 2% of females. Tea drinking was common among 44% of males and 37% of females, while tongue coating was equally common among both males and females (21% and 20%), respectively. The results indicate female students had better oral hygiene practices, significantly less self-reported oral bad breath, and smoked less compared to male students. There was no difference in tongue coating among male and female students. Further research is needed to examine oral malodor clinically and objectively by the standard procedures available. Students should be motivated to be a health symbol and keeping their mouths free from oral malodor. Citation Almas K, Al-Hawish A, Al-Khamis W. Oral Hygiene Practices, Smoking Habits, and Self-Perceived Oral Malodor Among Dental Students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 November;(4)4:077-090.

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Human body acts as a whole and this leads to an increased occurrence of oral manifestations during the onset and development of systemic diseases. Therefore, oral pathological manifestations play an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of diseases with osteoarticular involvement. General pathology has a strong impact on oral health which in turn is influenced by systemic factors. Oral manifestations can be used for making an early diagnosis of a serious condition that can be cured with appropriate therapy. Oral lesions can be explained by pathological processes and correlated with systemic diseases. When oral symptoms and signs are present, the disease is already in an advanced stage, due to the fact that the oral cavity is usually affected by a generalized disease. The mouth is part of the digestive system, but it has various symptoms caused by diseases located in other regions. 98 patients with oral manifestations of diseases with osteoarticular involvement were followed up in a private dental clinic from Iasi over a period of 3 years between June 2013 and July 2016. 47 patients were male (47.95%) and 51 were female (52.05%), aged between 18 and 65 years old, with a peak incidence between the ages of 45 and 60. The complex structure of the oral cavity was thoroughly explored (lips, lip mucosa, the corners of the mouth, gingival labial sulcus, oral vestibule, the internal face of the cheeks, the outer surface of gums, the floor and the ceiling of the oral cavity or the hard and the soft palate). The health status of the body is reflected by the health of the oral mucosa, which can be seen as a marker of various systemic diseases.

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Taking into account the development of modern surgical stomatology, the problem of optimizing the closure of the wounds of the mucous membrane in the oral cavity remains relevant. In our opinion, it is important to study the morphological properties of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and optimal tensions and tissue stresses in the area of suturing. It is known that the most susceptible to the action of mechanical factors area is the mucous membrane of the gums. However, taking into account the biomechanical parameters, the mucous membrane of the gum is practically not described. The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of mucous membranes of varying degrees of tension during fracture operations in the oral cavity. The material is taken to the bureau of forensic examination from corpses and both sexes and the period of mature age for histological studies of conditionally healthy mucous membrane of gum. The fence is carried out in the area of incisors, canines and first premolars from both halves of the upper and lower jaws with a standard dental instrument set were compared: a periodontological kit for curettage. The material is collected both in the area of papilla gum, and from its fixed part. Polarization microscopy is used to study the fibroarchitectonics of connective tissue formations. We used a contact strain gauge device to study the biomechanical parameters of the mucous membrane of the gums in normal and at different degrees of tensile of the mucous membranes. At various degrees of tension of the mucous membrane of the cavity of the mouth connective tissue plate loses the characteristic spatial orientation of the beams, the deep disruption of the entire fibrous frame occurs. Tissue stress recording was performed taking into account the tensile strength: weak (5%), average (7%) and strong (10%). Regardless of the degree of this pathology there is a decrease in the indicator we have chosen. Thus, with a weak degree of tension, the tissue pressure of the gum mucus decreases to 208.08 + 19.2 [6.07] Pa. At an average degree, the selected indicator is 149.43 + \ - 20.25 [6.4] Pa. A strong tension reduces the tissue tension of this area to 102.77 + 12.32 [3.9] Pa. One of the factors that provides high values of tissue gum voltage in the norm (350.4 · 9.69 Pa) is its fibrous components, which form a three-dimensional structure in the collagen beams of the 1st and 2nd order relative to the poorly developed elastic network. Different degrees of tensile of mucous membranes as a model of disorganization with the subsequent drop in tissue tension of the fibrous core were described. At the same time, the index of tissue voltage reduction is directly dependent on the tensile strength and is 208.08 + 19.2 Pa. The data presented indicate the disorganization of the fiber composition of the gums while tightening them. The expressiveness and nature of the changes depend on the degree of tension. Clinical manifestation of pathological processes in fibrous components of ascetic connective tissue is characterized by a decrease in tissue tension indices. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between the degree of tensile of the mucous membrane and the adequate reduction of the tense state of the soft core. Various degrees of tension of the mucous membrane can be considered as a kind of model of the fiber matrix with the dynamics of changes in the biomechanical parameters of tissues. The obtained data on the example of normal anatomy of the gums confirm the general pattern in the structures of the soft core - the quantitative ratio, the way of interaction of collagen and elastic fibers. Their spatial architectonics determine the deformative and strength properties of the connective tissue. For a detailed study of structural and biomechanical correlations we have selected mucous membranes with a different degree of tension. Our research has revealed structural changes in the fibrous gingival cortex against a background of different tensions with adequate tissue tension reduction.

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Currently, a large number of tools and methods are proposed to reduce dryness in the mouth and restore the deficiency of biologically active substances entering the mouth with saliva. Stimulation of salivation can be carried out by both local and systemic means. The aim of our study was to analyze pharmacological and systemic stimulators of salivation. Results and discussion Only three drugs were subjected to a detailed study - bromhexidine, anethole trithione and pilocarpine hydrochloride. Currently, the development of long-acting (prolonged) drugs is underway, which is a promising solution for long-term treatment of patients with dry mouth. Local stimulation of salivation is based on irritation of the nerve endings of the oral cavity, which transmit a signal to the salivary glands. Various methods are offered, it is chewing of gums, menthol-containing substances, inert means like paraffin. Chewing gum, mint or citric acid tablets (lollipops) and rinses are recommended in everyday life. Frequent use of these tools is not always effective due to various negative factors. The most important of them is short-term effect, but not the possibility of frequent use. In some patients, drugs such as citric acid can irritate the mucous membranes, especially if its content is increased due to dry mouth. Frequent use of these tools can cause demineralization of teeth. Many authors recommend so-called "saliva substitutes" or "saliva compensators". Various options of replacement therapy in the form of gels, rinses, sprays, toothpastes, etc. are offered. To prevent caries during hyposalivation, the authors propose a composition of artificial saliva with a high content of fluoride ions, with the introduction of hydroxyapatite from animal bones. Researchers offer various methods of stimulation the functional activity of the salivary glands, but the main factor in choosing the appropriate treatment is a favorable assessment of the degree of violation of the patient's salivary glands and the mechanism of violation. Conclusion. Owing to the review of the literature, we can conclude that the timely diagnosis and treatment of xerostomia is an urgent problem of modern dentistry. Patients need xerostomia correction, because the deficiency of oral fluid significantly affects the condition of teeth, mucous membranes of the mouth and periodontal tissues and the quality of life in general. Due to the fact that the treatment of xerostomia in some cases is ineffective and impossible, such patients need symptomatic therapy to alleviate the manifestations and consequences of xerostomia. The dental market offers a large number of tools for symptomatic correction of xerostomia. Many literature sources contain conflicting data on their effectiveness. Therefore, we consider it appropriate to study the comparative evaluation of tools that facilitate the manifestations of xerostomia, as well as to assess the effectiveness of correction of xerostomia depending on the causes of its development.

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Background Dental visits are unpleasant; sometimes, patients only seek treatment when they are in intolerable pain. Recently, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the need for remote communication when patients and dentists cannot meet in person. Gingivitis is very common and characterized by red, swollen, bleeding gums. Gingivitis heals within 10 days of professional care and with daily, thorough oral hygiene practices. If left untreated, however, its progress may lead to teeth becoming mobile or lost. Of the many medical apps currently available, none monitor gingivitis. Objective This study aimed to present a characterization and development model of a mobile health (mHealth) app called iGAM, which focuses on periodontal health and improves the information flow between dentists and patients. Methods A focus group discussed the potential of an app to monitor gingivitis, and 3 semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted on the use of apps for monitoring gum infections. We used a qualitative design process based on the Agile approach, which incorporated the following 5 steps: (1) user story, (2) use cases, (3) functional requirements, (4) nonfunctional requirements, and (5) Agile software development cycles. In a pilot study with 18 participants aged 18-45 years and with different levels of health literacy, participants were given a toothbrush, toothpaste, mouthwash, toothpicks, and dental floss. After installing iGAM, they were asked to photograph their gums weekly for 4 weeks. Results All participants in the focus group believed in the potential of a mobile app to monitor gingivitis and reduce its severity. Concerns about security and privacy issues were discussed. From the interviews, 2 themes were derived: (1) “what's in it for me?” and (2) the need for a take-home message. The 5 cycles of development highlighted the importance of communication between dentists, app developers, and the pilot group. Qualitative analysis of the data from the pilot study showed difficulty with: (1) the camera, which was alleviated with the provision of mouth openers, and (2) the operation of the phone, which was alleviated by changing the app to be fully automated, with a weekly reminder and an instructions document. Final interviews showed satisfaction. Conclusions iGAM is the first mHealth app for monitoring gingivitis using self-photography. iGAM facilitates the information flow between dentists and patients between checkups and may be useful when face-to-face consultations are not possible (such as during the COVID-19 pandemic).